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In the remote village of Kamimomi in Japan’s western Okayama prefecture, a small group of rice farmers began their most recent harvest in sweltering heat, two weeks sooner than usual.
The prefecture is called ‘the Land of Sunshine’ because of its pleasant climate, but farmers working among the paddy fields and ancient rice terraces say that climate change is hurting the harvest of rice, long a cornerstone of Japan’s diet.
“Last year, an exceptional heatwave took the water out of the rice, which became small and thin,” rice farmer Joji Terasaka said. “So I am worried about that this year because it will be just as hot.”
This year Japan experienced its hottest July on record, with temperatures reaching 2.16º Celsius (3.9º Fahrenheit) higher than average, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency. The globe has seen a 1.2ºC (2.2ºF) rise in average temperature since preindustrial times, and scientists agree that warming needs to be capped at 1.5ºC (2.7ºF) to stave off the worst effects of climate change. That includes even more powerful heat, storms and irreversible ice melt.
Last year, Japan recorded a poor rice harvest nationwide because of exceptionally hot weather. Ministry data showed the country’s private-sector rice inventory fell to 1.56 million tons in June, the lowest level since records began in 1999. Last year was the hottest on record globally, though it’s feared that this year may top it.
The drop in harvest in Japan was partly to blame for this year’s widespread summer rice shortage, according to officials. There were empty shelves in supermarkets, and some retailers are still enforcing purchase limits of one rice bag per customer.
“Perhaps people think that an increase of one degree Celsius in average temperature isn’t much. But it’s quite a big change for plants and crops,” says Yuji Masutomi, a researcher at the National Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba, north of Tokyo.
Masutomi said the rising temperatures not only influence the growth cycle and yield of rice, but also hurt the quality of the grain.
When temperatures rise above 27ºC, the buildup of starch inside rice grains is reduced. That causes the crop to take on a chalky appearance, and its value is reduced.
At least a fifth of rice farms have reported a drop in quality from rising temperatures, according to a farming ministry report last year.
“Not only is the appearance not good; people say the taste drops too,” Masutomi said.
For farmers in Kamimomi, there’s another problem with working under exceptional heat. The average age of agricultural workers in Japan is nearly 69, among the oldest in the world, and older people are especially vulnerable to heatstroke.
‘No longer any successors’
Toshimi Kaiami led a community project in Kamimomi that involved reviving some of the paddy fields abandoned because of the ageing population.
“There are no longer any successors,” says Kaiami. “We are heading towards extinction.”
The community project divides labour among Kamimomi’s farmers. But preparations for the harvest coincided with the hottest months of the year — April to September.
“It takes a half-year to produce rice. The heat and the work that we have to endure during that time is really tough,” said rice farmer Mitsumasa Sugimoto, 77.
To deal with climate change, the government is promoting the adoption of heat-resistant rice variants, including Sai no Kizuna, which was developed by a research centre in Saitama prefecture, near Tokyo.
Research organisations around the world have worked to produce more resilient strains of essential food like rice, while introducing more heat- and drought-resistant grains like sorghum or millet.
“Last year and this year have been extremely hot, but even in those conditions, Sai no Kizuna maintained a certain level of quality,” said Naoto Ohoka, who manages rice breeding at Saitama’s Agricultural Technology Research Centre.
“Its other characteristic is that it is very delicious.”
The centre cultivates more than a thousand types of rice strains, and, through cross-pollination, officials assess and select the best performers to develop new varieties.
Sai no Kizuna was developed in 2012 to better withstand heat, a trait that has become more widely recognised recently as Japan sees hotter summers. The strain also stands up well against typhoon wind and certain pests and diseases.
Researchers want to develop more resilient strains against heat, as temperatures are projected to continue rising. Masutomi recommends that variants tolerant of temperatures up to 3ºC higher should be introduced across Japan by the 2040s.
But it’s a long process. It can take up to 10 years to develop a new variant. Once it’s approved for the market, farmers must then be convinced to switch to the new strain.
The most widely grown variety is Koshihikari, which is less heat-resistant. Even so, older farmers have shown a reluctance to switch to other varieties. Farming ministry data show that only around 15 per cent of Japanese paddy fields have adopted heat-resistant variants.
– AP
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