The importance of glaucoma screening for protecting vision

Glaucoma, often called the ‘silent thief of sight,’ is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. The condition, in which there is damage of the optic nerve due to increased pressure in the eye (also known as Intra-ocular Pressure (IOP)), progresses gradually, often without noticeable symptoms in the early stages.

“Many people have no idea they are developing glaucoma until the disease is quite advanced and the damage irreparable,” says Dr Aron Wohl, lead optometrist at Eye Q Optical. “This is why regular screening is absolutely essential – especially in places like Jamaica, where the prevalence and impact of glaucoma are particularly high.”

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that affect the optic nerve, with different types manifesting in varied ways. The most common type, Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG), develops slowly as the pressure builds without any noticeable symptoms. In contrast, Angle-Closure Glaucoma is more sudden and can cause severe eye pain, nausea, and vision changes. “There’s also Normal-Tension Glaucoma,” Dr Wohl notes, “where optic nerve damage occurs despite normal pressure levels.”

Each form of glaucoma requires different treatment approaches and emphasises the importance of early detection. Without timely intervention, all types of glaucoma can lead to irreversible vision loss, making it critical for those at risk to get regular screenings.

WHY GLAUCOMA SCREENING IS CRUCIAL

The prevalence of glaucoma is particularly high among people of African descent, and Jamaica’s population is at an increased risk. “Here in Jamaica, we see glaucoma showing up not just in older adults but also in young people, and quite aggressively too,” Dr Wohl explains.

Studies have shown that individuals of African descent are more likely to develop glaucoma at an earlier age and with a more aggressive progression, increasing the urgency for regular eye exams in high-risk groups.

In addition to age and ethnicity, family history is a significant risk factor, along with conditions such as diabetes and myopia. “Glaucoma isn’t something to take lightly,” says Dr Wohl. “When patients come in, we remind them that being of West Indian descent, being diabetic, having a family history of glaucoma or just being over age 35, puts them at a greater risk and should take every precaution with regular screenings.”

What to Expect During a Glaucoma Screening

Glaucoma screenings are a straightforward but thorough process that can help detect changes before vision loss begins. At Eye Q Optical, every patient undergoes several standard tests to evaluate the health of the optic nerve and measure intra-ocular pressure. “We start with a comprehensive eye exam,” Dr Wohl says. “From there, we measure IOP using tonometry, check the optic nerve with an ophthalmoscope, and conduct a visual field test to detect any blind spots or peripheral vision changes.”

Additional tests can help specialists determine the type and severity of glaucoma. With advancements like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging, which Eye Q plans to introduce, doctors can assess the optic nerve in greater detail, aiding in the early detection of glaucoma and other vision-threatening conditions.

IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DETECTION AND REGULAR MONITORING

Because glaucoma progresses without symptoms until significant vision is lost, early detection and regular monitoring are essential. “When detected early, glaucoma can be managed quite effectively, which can make a big difference in a patient’s quality of life,” Dr Wohl points out.

“But without treatment, the risk of severe vision loss and blindness increases dramatically.” The primary goal of glaucoma treatment is to reduce intraocular pressure to prevent or slow further optic nerve damage. Treatment options include:

● Medications: Prescription eye drops are often the first line of defence to lower IOP

● Laser Therapy: Various laser therapy procedures can help improve fluid drainage in the eye, reducing pressure effectively

● Surgery: For patients who don’t respond well to other types of treatment, there are surgical options that can help create new drainage pathways to lower IOP

Advancements in minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) provide less invasive solutions, offering shorter recovery times and improved outcomes. “While these treatments can’t reverse damage, they can prevent further progression,” Dr Wohl stresses. “With consistent care, many patients can maintain good vision throughout their lives.”

Despite glaucoma’s prevalence in Jamaica, awareness of proactive eye care remains low.

“We’ve found that most people have heard of glaucoma but aren’t aware of the steps they can take to reduce their risk,” Dr Wohl says. Public health initiatives, regular screenings, and educating communities about risk factors can play a major role in promoting eye health. Eye Q Optical is committed to providing comprehensive eye exams, screenings, and educational resources to empower Jamaicans to take charge of their visual health. “Prevention really is better than cure when it comes to glaucoma,” Dr Wohl emphasises. “If you’re over 35, have a family history of glaucoma, or belong to a high-risk group, getting screened could make all the difference in preserving your vision.”